CHAPTER I
INTODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Nowadays, there are so many people who master more than one language. Many of them master two or more languages, namely their native language and the second language. The language which is usually mastered well by people is their mother tongue or native language. Most of them firstly used their mother tongue to communicate to their family and society. However during their communication with other people and because of the need of understanding other people about what they mean, there is a demand for the people to master or know the other languages. This condition caused many people learn another language to make their communication effective. People who master more than one language is called bilingual or multilingual. Hundreds of millions people in the world routinely use two or more languages in their daily lives (multilingual). This also happens to the Indonesian people who are multilingual. Indonesian people master at least the Indonesian national language that is Bahasa Indonesia and their regional language. Well-educated people usually master foreign languages, such as English, Japanese, etc. The fact that people can use more than one language encourages them to mix code whenever they speak. No wonder people can use more than one language at the same time.
Moreover, it is also possible for the bilingual or multilingual people to use more than one language in a communication even in the same topic, context or people. The condition where people use more than one language or code in the same topic and context or a person in communication is called code switching and code mixing.
Code switching and code mixing can be seen in spoken and written language. Code switching and code mixing in written language can found in newspaper, magazine, novel, etc. The code switching and code mixing can also found in spoken language such as radio program, Television program, teaching-learning process, etc. The teaching-learning process especially teaching speaking skill in class is one of the examples of code switching and code mixing in a spoken language. In these activities, the speaker not only mixes the codes of Indonesian and English, but sometimes Javanese too. English students and the teacher s often use code switching and code mixing in a class.
They commonly used English in some Indonesian movies. Even though the basic language is Indonesian, they also commonly used other languages, Javanese and or English to make the explanation clearer and or with another reason based on their need. It is something natural when it happens in a movie, they often use other language for several purposes depend on its circumstance.
In this research, the researcher would like to investigate Perahu Kertas in using code switching and code mixing in the whole movies. The phenomenal of code-mixing can be found in media as novel, magazine, newspaper, movie, radio broadcast, etc are written of spoken which uses bilingual language, but the writter chosen the Indonesian movie “Perahu Kertas” producered by Hanung Bramantyo. Both Maudy Ayunda and Adipati Dolken are actress and actor. The writer wants to analyze of code mixing and code switching. There are several reasons to support this decision. The first, nowadays movie is very popular and famous, because larger movie maniac are the young people. Second, it is very interesting to analyze the use the code mixing and code switching, because it is Indonesia movie which has code mixing and code switching Indonesia- English and this movie is published especially for young people. Also it is noticeable for them to speak mixed languages and they also switch back and forth between two languages. In order to understand the process of their utterances, it is necessary to study code switching and code mixing in the area of bilingualism.
1.2. Reasons for Choosing the Topic
To speak in two language Indonesia-English is used to be found in some movies. Especially in Indonesia where English develops to be the 2nd language, there are several reason of doing ii and depend on whom yo speak and where is the pace taken in.
In this research we can find out that code-switching and code-mixing also occurs in “Perahu Kertas” movie. Code-switching and Code–mixing are needed for text script nowadays. Dialogue will be more interesting and this is habitually and action to give an extra information so that the opposite know what we want deeply.
C. Statements of the Problems
Based on the study, the researcher focuses his attention on the following problems:
1. What are the types of code switching and code mixing found in “Perahu Kertas” Movie
2. What are the reasons of the actors and actress code mix and code switch her languages found in “Perahu Kertas” Movie
1.3. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are as the following:
1. To classify the types of code switching and Code Mixing found in “Perahu Kertas” Movie.
2. To describe the reasons of the actress and actor code mix and code switch her languages in “Perahu Kertas” Movie
1.4. Significance of the Study
This study investigates the facts of code switching and code mixing in “Perahu Kertas” Movie.
This study is expected to make contribution for those who have concern on general world especially to who will take a same investigation realize that there will be a phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing within communication where more than one language are employed.
This study is done to enlarge our view on sociolinguistic phenomenon in our society, particularly the phenomenon of language use and sociolinguistic aspects.
1.5. Limitation of the Study
The researcher of this research focuses his study of code-switching and code-mixing used by actor and actress in the whole of movie. The phenomenon of code switching and code mixing are very likely to occur in their communication.
1.6. Definition of the Key Terms
In understanding this thesis, the researcher and the readers should have the same interpretation.
1. Analysis
Analysis is the study of something by examining its part (oxford pocket dictionary).
2. Code switching
Code-switching is the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching)
3. Code Mixing
Code-mixing refers to the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code¬mixing).
1.7. Organization of the Thesis
This thesis is divided into five chapters:
Chapter I is Introduction. This chapter consists of background of the study, reason for choosing the topic, statements of the problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study, limitation of the study, definition of the key terms, and organization of the thesis.
Chapter II is Review of Related Literature. In the second chapter, review of related literature is presented.
Chapter III is Research Methodology. This Chapter is divided into four parts. The first part describes the source of the data. The second part discusses the instrument of data collection. The third part reveals the procedures of data collection and the last part is method of data analysis.
Chapter IV is Data Description and Discussion.The fourth is analysis of the types of code switching and code mixing In Speaking Class of English Communication Course. This Chapter also gives the reason of using code switching and code mixing made by the teacher and students in Speaking Class of English Communication Course.
Chapter V is Conclusions.The last chapter, chapter V, contains some conclusions and suggestions.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. Sociolinguistics
Wardaugh (1990:12) states that sociolinguistics is concerned by investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal to make a better understanding of the structure of language and how language functions in communication. While Gumperz in Wardaugh (1990:11) states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur.
Sociolinguistics argues that language exists in context, dependent on the speaker who is using it and dependent on where it is being used and why. Speakers mark their personal history and identity in their speech as well as their sociolinguistics, economic and geographical coordinates in time and space.
Indeed, some researchers would argue that, since speech is obviously social, to study it without reference to society would be like studying courtship behavior without relating the behavior of one partner to that of the other. Two important arguments support this view. First, we cannot take the notion of language X for granted since this in itself is a social notion in so far as it is defined in terms of a group of people who speak it. Second, speech has a social function both as a means of communication and also as a way of identifying social group.
There are several possible relationships between language and society. One is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and behavior. Certain evidence may be adduced to support this view; the age grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from older children and in turn children speak differently from mature adults; studies which show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matter as their regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their sex (or gender) and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words and even rules for conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements. The second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first; linguistic structure and behavior may either influence or determine social structure. The third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other. One variant of this approach is that this influence is dialectical in nature. The forth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure that each is independent of the other.
Sociolinguistics is one of study about language in related by society condition. Hudson (1990:4) says that sociolinguistics is study of language in relation to society, while Wardaugh (1990:12) states that sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and how languages function in communication. While Gumperz in Wardaugh (1990:11) states that sociolinguistics is an attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure and to observe any changes that occur.
As a result, sociolinguistics discusses social context and culture. People who speak to other will think what language variation, which they use to share information. People will choose the word carefully according to whom they speak.
There are several possible relationships between language and society. One is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and behavior.
Sociolinguistics also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.
The study of sociolinguistic variation examines the relation between social identity and ways of speaking. The analysis of style in speech is central to this field because it varies not only between speakers, but in individual speakers as they move from one style to another. Studying these variations in language not only reveals a great deal about speakers’ strategies with respect to variables such as social class, gender, ethnicity, and age, it also affords us the opportunity to observe linguistic change in progress.
There are various opinions by linguist about definition of sociolinguistics. According to Holmes (in Longman, 2001:1) “Sociolinguistics is study the relationship between language and society”. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and context in which it is used. Sociolinguistics is related to social context when they interact one another in community. In addition, Fishman (2004:3) says that Sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristic of language varieties, the characteristic of their function and the characteristic of their speakers as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within in speech community”.
As a result, sociolinguistics is discussed in social context and culture. The people who speak to other people will think what language variation, which they use to share information. People will choose the word carefully according to whom they speak.
Nowadays, language develops and has many changes and variations depending on its influences. English, as one of international language has great influences on other languages including Indonesian. Many people often use English expressions in their conversation. Kachu (1996:89) defines Code Mixing as the use of two languages or more by putting the elements of one language into another consistently. The situation of sociolinguistics in Indonesia is complex. Indonesia is a plural language. Indonesia has many cultures and languages. Indonesian language is considered as National Language. Nowadays, many people mix their language in speaking in their society. Sometimes they mix the language between national language and foreign language.
2.2. Bilingualism
Bilingualism can be regarded as the ability to communicate in two languages, but with greater skills in one language(http://home.comcast.net/~bilingualslp/bilingualism1.htm). While the people which interrelated in is called bilingual. A bilingual person is, in its broadest definition, anyone with communicative skills in two languages, active or passive. The term bilingual is often reserved for those speakers with native or native like proficiency in two languages. A bilingual person can be narrowly defined like able to express himself/herself perfectly in two languages. It can be concluded that people who live in bilingualism community have ability to use two languages without differences between native language and foreign language.
There is popular metaphor in linguistics that language is a living organism, which is born, grows and dies. However, language is a human faculty, it coevolves with us, Homo sapiens; and it is we who give language its life, change it and, if so desired, abandon it. When we speak of languages contact, we are therefore talking about people speaking different languages coming into contact with one another.
Referring to bilingualism is sometimes easier than referring to bilinguals. Hammers and Blanc (2000:260) note that bilingualism refers to both a society in which two or more languages are in contact and an individual who has access to more than one linguistic code as a means of social communication.
Key external factors contributing to language contact include a. Politics. Political or military acts such as colonization, annexation, resettlement and federation can have immediate linguistic effect. People may become refugees, either in a new place or in their homeland, and have to learn the languages of their new environment.
1. Natural disaster
Famine, floods, volcanic eruptions and other such events can be the cause of major movement of population. New language contact situations then emerge as people are resettled. Some of the Irish and Chinese resettlements in North America were the result of natural disasters.
2. Religion
People may wish to live in a country because of its religious significance, or to leave a country because it is religious oppression.
3. Culture
A desire to identify with a particular ethnic, cultural or social group usually means learning the language of that group. Minority ethnic and cultural groups may wish to maintain their own languages, which are different from the languages promoted by governing state or institution.
4. Economy
Very large numbers of people across the world have migrated to find work and to improve their standard of living.
5. Education
Learning another language may be the only means of obtaining access to knowledge.
6. Technology
The availability of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), such as the internet, has led to a further expansion of the use of English and other languages across the world.
Bilingualism is the ability to use more than one language. In bilingualism, there will be many people changing the language. It depends on language or variety to another is called code mixing. The mixing from one language or variety to another that code mixing. The change frequently takes place while the speaker is doing a conversation for some purposes.
Bloomfield (1993:56) defines the bilingualism as ability of the speaker in using two languages, in case the using of the first language as good as the second language. According to Bloomfield (1993:45), someone is called bilingual if he/she can use the first language as well as the second language. Many people ask about Bloomfield’s concept about bilingualism, first, how to measure ability of the speaker in mastering two languages that they use, second, whether there are some speakers that use the second language as well as the first language. If there is, it is rarely to find someone who can master two languages as well. And in fact, it is more common for bilingual people even those who had been bilingual since birth to be somewhat dominant in one language. Whereas, someone who learns second language, the ability in mastering second language is always below the ability of first language.
Everyone is bilingual. That is, there is no one in the world (no adult, anyway) who does not know at least a few words in languages other than the maternal variety. Competence in more than one language can be approached at both individual and social levels, and these need not be as neatly connected as might first be thought. While it is true that a country full of multilingual people itself is multilingual in an obvious sense, it may nevertheless recognize only one or two varieties and thus, in another sense, be something less than multilingual. Conversely, a country may be officially bilingual or multilingual and yet most of its citizens may have only single-language competence. Outright language choice is obviously available to bilingual individuals. It is also common to find linguistic alteration occurring within one unit speech directed to one listener. In his classic volume, Weinreich (1993:1) stated that all such deviation from the norms of either language may be referred to as interference. It seems evident, however, that not every switch from one language to another result from the unwelcome intrusion which this term suggests speakers may often switch for emphasis the speaking. Different type of language transfer can be easily understood.
2.3. Multilingualism
Multilingualism is the act of using, or promoting the use of, multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/multilingualism). Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. Multilingualism is becoming a social phenomenon governed by the needs of globalization and cultural openness. Thanks to the ease of access to information facilitated by the internet, individuals' exposure to multiple languages is getting more and more frequent, and triggering therefore the need to acquire more and more languages. People who speak several languages are also called polyglots.
A multilingual person, in a broad definition, is one who can communicate in more than one language, be it actively (through speaking, writing, or signing) or passively (through listening, reading, or perceiving). More specifically, the terms bilingual and trilingual are used to describe comparable situations in which two or three languages are involved. A multilingual person is generally referred to as a polyglot. Poly (Greek: πολύς) means “many”, glot (Greek: γλώττα) means "language".
Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, the so-called first language (L1). The first language (sometimes also referred to as the mother tongue) is acquired without formal education, by mechanisms heavily disputed. Children acquiring two languages in this way are called simultaneous bilinguals. Even in the case of simultaneous bilinguals one language usually dominates over the other.
A further possibility is that a child may become naturally trilingual by having a mother and father with separate languages being brought up in a third language environment. An example of this may be an English-speaking father married to a Mandarin Chinese speaking mother with the family living in Hongkong, where the community language (and primary language of education) is Cantonese. If the child goes to a Cantonese medium school from a young age, then trilingualism will result.
In linguistics, first language acquisition is closely related to the concept of a "native speaker". According to a view widely held by linguists, a native speaker of a given language has in some respects a level of skill which a second (or subsequent) language learner can hardly reliably accomplish. Consequently, descriptive empirical studies of languages are usually carried out using only native speakers as informants. This view is, however, slightly problematic, particularly as many non-native speakers demonstrably not only successfully engage with and in their non-native language societies, but in fact may become culturally and even linguistically important contributors (as, for example, writers, politicians and performing artists) in their non-native language. In recent years, linguistic research has focused attention on the use of widely known world languages such as English as lingua franca, or the shared common language of professional and commercial communities. In lingua franca situations, most speakers of the common language are functionally multilingual.
One group of academics argues for the maximal definition which means speakers are as proficient in one language as they are in others and have as much knowledge of and control over one language as they have of the others. Another group of academics argues for the minimal definition, based on use. Tourists who successfully communicate phrases and ideas while not fluent in a language may be seen as bilingual according to this group.
However, problems may arise with these definitions as they do not classified as bilingual. As a result, since most speakers do not achieve the maximal ideal, language learners may come to be seen as deficient and by extension, language teaching may come to be seen as a failure.
Since 1992, Cook has argued that most multilingual speakers fall somewhere between minimal and maximal definitions. Cook calls these people multi-competent (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Multilingualism).
2.4. Code Switching
1. Definition of Code Switching
Code Switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation between two or more languages, dialects, or language registers in a single conversation, stretch of discourse, or utterance between people who have more than one language in common. For bilingual society, code switching commonly occurs in communication especially in oral form. Code switching is used in order to make the situation formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, politeness to solidarity, and vice versa.
There are so many definitions of code switching proposed by some linguists. Richards (2000:72) states that code switching is a change by a speaker or writer from one language or language variety to another one. Code switching can take place in a conversation when one speaker uses one language and the other speaker answers in different language. A person may start speaking one language and then change to another one in the middle of their speech, or sometimes even in middle of sentences.
Code Switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations (Wardhaugh, 1993:103). When two or more languages exist in community, speakers frequently switch from one language to another. Scotton (1996:56-57) explains code switching in term of a theory of right and obligations. According to her, members of a multilingual speech community are aware of the range of the codes that would be appropriate for a particular type of conventionalized exchange and they assign meaning to choices based on such expectations. Code switching is a linguistic term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilingual, people who speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code switching is syntactically and phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistics variety.
Analyst Peter Auer suggests that code switching does not simply reflect social situations, but that it is a means to create social situations. The communication accommodation theory (CAT), developed by Howard Giles, professor of communication, at the University of California, Santa Barbera, seeks to explain the cognitive reasons for code switching and other changes in speech, as a person seeks either to emphasize or to minimize the social differences between him- or herself and the other person(s) in conversation. Prof. Giles posits that when speakers seek approval in a social situation they are likely to converge their speech with that of the other person’s speaking. This can include, but is not limited to, that language of choice, accent, dialect, and Para-linguistic features used in the conversation. In contrast to convergence, speakers might also engage in divergent speech, which an individual person emphasize the social distance between him or herself and other speakers by using speech with linguistic features characteristic of his or her own group (http://En.wikipedia.org/wiki/code).
2. Type of Code Switching
According to many sociolinguistics’ there are many kind of code-switching that can be classified based on what cause providing the basic for code switching, how the code is switched, and the language used. In this case, there will be many kind of code switching. Therefore, the following explanation will describe the kind it in order to make clear understanding in the kind of code-switching.
Wardaugh (1992:106) states that situational code-switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversant find themselves when they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. When a change of topic requires a change in the language used, it is metaphorical code-switching. Metaphorical code-switching has an effective dimension to it, it means that we would change the code as we redefine the situation, for example, formal to informal, official to personal, serious to humorous, politeness to solidarity, and vice versa.
Other type of code-switching are conversational switching, intersentential code–switching, intrasentential code–switching, and tag– switching. In intersentential code-switching, the language switch is done at sentence boundaries. This seen most often between fluent bilingual speakers. Intrasentrial code-switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations, or pauses indicating a shift. The last type of code-switching is tag-switching. This involvesthe insertion of a tag in one languaguage into an utterance that is otherwise entirely in the other language or tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or a word, or both, from language B to language A.
3. Function of Code Switching
The function of code switching will be introduced in various aspects. In educational context, the functionality of code switching in teachers’ classroom discourse will be introduced with its aspects that are topic switch, affective functions, and repetitive functions. The focus will shift to students’ code-switching by introducing some basic functional perspectives, equivalence, floor holding, reiteration, and conflict control.
In order to have a general idea about these, it will be appropriate to give a brief his/her language according to the topic that is under discussion. This is mostly observed in grammar instruction, that the teacher shifts his language to the mother tongue of his students in dealing with particular grammar points, which are taught that moment.
In addition on the function of code switching named as topic switch, the phenomenon also carried affective function that serve for expression of emotions. In this respect, code switching is used by the teacher in order to builds solidarity and intimate relations with the students. Another explanation for the functionality of code switching in classroom setting is its repetitive function. In this case, the teacher uses code-switching in order to transfer the necessary knowledge for the students for clarity. Following the instruction in the target language, the teacher code-switches to native language in order to clarify meaning and in this way stresses importance on the foreign language content for efficient comprehension. However, the tendency to repeat the instruction in native language may lead to some undesired students behaviors (http://iteslj.org/articles/sert-codeswitching.html).
2.5. Code Mixing
1. Definition of Code Mixing
Code Mixing is one of the terms in sociolinguistics. Code Mixing is a change by a speaker from one language or language variety to another one. Code Mixing is a change from one code to another code or one language to another language. Code mixing emphasizes the formal aspects of language structures or linguistic competence(http://En.wikipedia.org/wiki/ code). Code mixing refers to all cases where lexical items and grammatical feature from two languages appear in one sentence (www.cambridge.org).
Code Mixing refers to mixture of two or more language or language varieties in speech. Wardaugh (1990:103) says, Code Mixing occurs when conversant use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of single utterance. It means that the conversant just change some of the elements in their utterance. Code Mixing takes place without change of the topic and can involve levels of language. And as Thelander in Chaer and Agustina (2004:115) says that if in the single utterance the clause or phrase does not support the function of clause and phrase, it is called Code Mixing. However, studies on Code Mixing from one variety of language to another variety of the same language are equally discussed since they also reflect social, cultural and individual preference.
Code Mixing is found when a speaker mixed two languages or more to achieve a particular purpose. Sometimes, a writer uses two or more languages to state about his idea, instruction, message, or experience in order that the readers can receive what the writer has expressed. This problem is caused by the situation that demands language mixing and by the habit of the speaker that becomes the background of Code Mixing.
According to Nababan (1993:32), Code Mixing means to give illustration about speaking situation. If someone mixes two or more language in speaking by inserting other element of language (language variety), it means that he/she uses code mixing. Code Mixing can tell about what the speaker wants in his/her speaking act or what the author wants in his/her writing.
2. Type of Code Mixing
Muysen (2000:114), there are three types of code-mixing such as insertion, alternation, congruent lexicalization. The explanation as follows: In the insertion pattern, one language determines the overall structure into which constituents from the other language were inserted. In alternation pattern, both languages occur alternately, each with their own structure. Alternation is just a special case of code of code switching; it seems that halfway through the sentence, one language is replaced by the other. The notion of congruent lexicalization underlines the study of style shifting and dialect/standar variation,rather than bilingual language use proper.
3. Function of Code-Mixing
The function can be divided into many categories such as for greeting, ejection, opinion, suggestion and emotional expression. According to Nababan (1990:31) sometimes the code mixing occurs when the speaker intends to show his/her educational status or his/her social class. Language mixing is also used to express emotion, close personal relationship and solidarity. The function of code mixing depends on what the speaker masters and what the aim of the speaker is. Code mixing is used in written and spoken languages. Magazine is one of example of written language, and advertisement on TV or radio is one of example of spoken language.
2.6. The Differences between Code Switching and Code Mixing
The definition of code switching and code mixing is almost similar. Some people have difficulty distinguishing between code switching and code mixing.
Code Switching is the use of two languages simultaneously or interchangeably. It implies some degree of competence in the two language even if bilingual fluency is not yet stable. Meanwhile, code mixing is the use of two or more language in a speech act without something demanding to mix the language. It is done by quality of being relaxed or informal situation.
So, there is clear distinction between code switching and code mixing in which in code switching there is factor demanding it but in code mixing there is no certain factor demanding to mix.
Example;
a. (Code Mixing) Tujuannya untuk apa? Kenapa kok title-nya harus menggunakan present?
The speaker mixes two languages; those are Bahasa and English in the middle of utterances.
b. (Code Switching) Untuk mengingatkan kembali, to remind you, it’ used when we want to report that someone said
c. The speaker directly changes the languages that he/she speak from Bahasa to English.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design
Theoretically, this research uses qualitative method. This method is used since the data of the research are code switching and code mixing in the form of utterances made by actors and actress in Perahu Kertas Movie.
According to Crabtree (1992:6) Qualitative method usually are used for identification, description, and explanation-generation. In this research, the researcher focuses on descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative research or field research are collected by observation, identification, or the mechanical recording of conversation and/or behavior. (Crabtree, 1992:13)
In short, to know the detail about code switching and code mixing employed by actors and actresses , the researcher employed descriptive qualitative research design by watching, identifying, classifying and reporting of conversation in the whole movie. The researcher gives more attention on how deep her knowledge toward the interaction among which is being learnt.
B. Instrument of Data Collection
This study uses a method that relates to the object as a verbal symbol (language) that is in English teaching learning process. The method is observational method by using the record. This thesis proposes note-taking, data containing type of data code – switching and code-mixing English words, phrases and sentences and the reason of the teacher ’s and the students’ code switching and code mixing in their languages in Perahu Kertas Movie
Because it’s qualitative thesis the main instrument of this thesis is the researcher itself. The researcher also uses observation note as the instrument to strengthen the information from the movie.
C. Subject of the research
In this research, the researcher took the data in dialogue between an actors to the others. In some movie commonly comes up when some actors and actress using a code mix code switch to express their feeling. Whether to get closer or wider depend on circumstance that happen in the movie..
D. Procedures of Data Collection
Collecting the data is a part of research as a systematic procedure. The researcher uses observation note as the instrument. In collecting the data there are five step carried by the researcher. They are as follows:
1. The first step the researcher collected the data by recording the conversation in Speaking Class to get the natural data
2. The second step, the researcher observes the script by watching it directly.
3. The next step, the researcher takes a note whenever founding a code mix or code switch.
4. Then, the researcher analyzes the data from the rerecorded and written data.
5. Finally, the researcher classifies the form code switching and code mixing made by actors and actresses in “Perahu Kertas Movie”.
E. Unit of analysis
The Thesis is mainly discuses about the code-switching and code-mixing in “Perahu Kertas Movie”. The unit analysis of this thesis is all the utterances found in the whole dialogue because code-switching and code-mixing found in its conversation.
F. Time and place of the research
The research was done in Perahu Kertas Movie, so the place and time is unlimited, everywhere and everytime the writer want is involved in this policy.
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THE ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING
IN PERAHU KERTAS MOVIE
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