CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature is one of the form of art. Literature can be an expression of human nature and significant human experiences. Literature is a creative art because we can express our feeling, idea, and experiences. Those can increase the imagination of the readers.
A literary work gives knowledge to the readers in the form of information. It is presented through language to describe facts about a person, a place, or an events. It also informs us the way of life in society, like the customs, the rules, the attitudes or the behaviours. Another form of art is film. Film is a series of a moving pictures recorded with sounds that tells a story, sounds on television or movie theatre (Hornby, 1995:434). A film has a theme, setting, plot, characters and characterization, and language style.
Literature is an imaginative writing. As an artwork, literature is always interesting to be analyzed in order to understand literary well. The readers should not only read it,but they must also understand it deeply so that the readers can find the hidden values.
Reading literary work is interesting and enjoyable. On the contrary, some people think that the activity is useless and wasting the time. They do not realize that reading gives some advantages for their life. By reading, people know the theme, plot, settings, etc. They also can get much information
about the moral values, the characters, the way of life of a society and an important event described.
Besides poetry and drama, fiction is one form of literature. When we read pieces of fiction, we move from the actual world to the world where we are as people who live in a world of imagination. The world that the writer has created is what we want savor and enjoy but, we cannot appreciate it unless we comprehend its relevance.
The English Department Faculty of Teacher Training and Educational Sciences Muhammadiyah University of Purworejo has curriculum which includes literature as one of the subjects taught to the students. Literature can be learned in Poetry, Prose, Literary Apreciation and Drama Class. It is considered as an important subject to study literature, the students can learn about other countries, culture, sciencies and ways of life.
Basically, literature is a work of art activity which is related to expression and creation. Literature is closely related to art, feeling, morality and belief. A writer is free to create anything to imagine his work arbitraly. Literary work generally describes the social life based on the experience, knowledge and interpretation of a writer. The meaning and the essence of a work are not absolutely determined by the player and it may not be interpreted separatedly by the creator. Literature anyway is an effective way of spreading idea among members of the society.
Literature help us to understand human‟s sentiments, human‟s interest, human problems, etc. It bring us closer to other human beings of other
nationalities, cultures, and races. Our lives become fuller and more balanced. Knowledge feeds our minds and literature deeds our hearts. We learn what other feel about certain things (Wiyono,2000:2).
One of the English novelists is Jane Austen ( 1775- 1817 ). She was an English novelist noted for her observation about early 18 th century English society. In all her novels, Austen potrayed the ordinary life of the members of the upper middle class. Her works combined romantic comedy and social satire of early 19 th century life. Her first novels are Ellinor and Mariane, First Impression, and Susan. These novel were written during the time from 1795- 1798.
In the year of 1995, her novel entitled Sense and Sensibility was filmed by Angg Lee with the same title. Sense and Sensibility was the one of the most succesful films in the year 1995. This film was included the best story movie because it is full of twists.
The main theme of “Sense and Sensibility” is that sensibility, responsiveness, enthusiasm, are desirabe, but it must be tempered with good sense and prudence. In other words, a person needs both Sense and Sensibility to survive. Nine years old , Ellinor Dashwood, the elder of two sisters and the center of the story combines both qualities, her 16 year old sister, mariane is less balanced.
B. Reason for Choosing the Topic
The researcher chooses the movie of “Sense and Sensibility” adapted from Jane Austen‟s novel because this movie contains of lessons of life. It tells us about the two attractive and muttually devoted sisters. They are siblings. They are close sister who love each other. This film shows us with some moral values, which are still relevant to our life. It also shows us some bad and good qualities of human life. So, as the reader or viewer, we must select the value of the film carefully, we must know the positive and negative values and then we can use the positive values in our real life.
The researcher would like to compare with other research reports. After reading some theses in the library, the researcher could not find any thesis about “Sense and Sensibility” as the topic.
A researchs about characterization have been conducted by Lukman Hakim ( 012120056). He made a research under the title of “ The Analysis of Characters and Moral Values of Play Entitled “ The Good Woman of Setzuan “ by Bertolt Brecht “,2001. He states that the reader may get various moral values which consist of good and bad moral values. The good moral values includes honesty, bravery and willingness while the bad moral value includes careless, coward, despair etc.
C. Limitation of the Study
In this thesis, the researcher would like to discuss just one problem. This is the moral values of film “ Sense and Sensibility “ and the application
in English language teaching. The researcher wants to show the moral values of the film entitled “Sense and Sensibility” and the application in English language teaching. It is very good for the reader of the thesis to know the moral values of the film and how important it is for us to learn.
D. Statement of the Problem
Reffering to the background, the researcher would like to state the problems as follows :
1. What are the moral values of the film “ Sense and Sensibility ?
2. What are the positive moral values ?
3. What are the negative moral values ?
4. How do we apply this movie in English language teaching ?
E. Objective of the Study
Based on the problems above , the purposes of this study are to find out the answers to the problems, as follows :
1. To describe the moral values of the film.
2. To describe the positive moral values.
3. To describe the negative moral values.
4. To describe the application of this movie in English language teaching.
F. Significance of the Study
The researcher hopes that this thesis will give advantages to everybody who is concerned with the film. It is expected that it can enrich their knowledge about literary works.
a. By conducting this analysis, the researcher can help in developing the teaching material by using movie as a media of learning English for the subject of literature
b. By watching “Sense and Sensibility” film, the viewer would better understand the world. Their sense and humanity and interrelationship will increase.
c. The writer expects that this thesis can encourage the readers to watch”Sense and Sensibility” movie and motivate them in learning literary works.
G. Definition of Terms and Notation
The researcher would like to state the definition of the key word or phrase concerning to the topic to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretating.
The definitions are as follows :
1. Analysis
Analysis is the detailed study or examination of something in order to understand more about it;the result of the study (Hornby,2005:49).
The study of such constituent parts and their interrelationships in making up a whole.(“http://www.thefreedictionary.com/analysis)
2. Moral
Moral is concerned with principle of right or wrong behaviour. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary,2000:861)
Moral is a teaching or exhibiting goodness or correctness of character and behavior.( “http://www.thefreedictionary.com/morals)
3. Values
Values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is
important in life. (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2000:1493). Values is quality of being useful or desirable; the worth of something when compared with something else. (Oxford Learners Pocket Dictionary, 2004:476)
4. Film
Film or movie is a series of moving pictures recorded with sound that tells a story, shown on the television or at the cinema or movie theatre (Hornby, 2000: 573).
Film or movie is a sequence of photographs projected into a screen with sufficient rapidity as to create the illusion of motion and continuity. Movie as a noun means a form of entertainment that enact a story by sound and a sequence of image which is giving the illusion of continous movement.( http:/www.thefreedictionary.com/movie)
5. Sense and Sensibility
Sense and Sensebility is a 1995 British period drama film directed by Ang Lee. The screenplay by Ema Thompson is based on the 1811 novel of the same name by English author Jane Austen. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility_%28film%29)
6. Adapted
To change a book or play so that it can be made into a play,film or movie, television programme. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 2000:14)
7. Jane Austen
Jane Austen was a major English novelist, whose brilliantly witty, elegantly structured satirical fiction marks the transition in English literature from 18th century neo- classicism to 19th century romanticism.
In her early twenties Jane Austen wrote the novels that were later to be reworked and published as Sense and Sensiblity, Pride and Prejudice, and Northanger Obey. Then the novel entitled “ Sense and Sensibility “ was filmed by Ang Lee in 1995. ( http://www.jasa.net.au/jabiog.html)
8. Novel
A story long enough to fill complete book, in which the characters and events are ussually imaginary.(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary,2000:904).
Novel is a fictious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and presenting a sequential organization of actions and scenes. (“http:www.definitions.net/definition/novel)
9. Application
The act of putting something to a special use or purpose: an application of a new method (Hornby,2005:52).
10. English
English is the English language (Hornby, 2000:437)
English describes the language of United States and England. (adjective) English is the language spoken by people of England and the United Stated. (noun)
English is also hugely important as an international language and plays an important part even in countries where the UK has historically had little influence. (English)
11. Language
Language is a statement that captures the key feature of a concept (Brown, 2007:5)
Language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by people of particular country. (Oxford Advanced Learner Dictionary, 2000:752)
12. Teaching
Teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study or something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand. (Brown, 2007:8).
H. Organization of the Writing
This thesis is divided into five chapters. Each chapter will explain different topics.
Chapter I. This chapter explains the background of the study, reason for choosing the topic, limitation of the study, statement of the problems, objectives of the study, significance of the study definition of terms and notation, and organization of the writing.
Chapter II. This chapter includes literary works, definition of the term, the structural analysis, the instrinsic elements and moral values.
Chapter III. This chapter includes an analysis of the study, the research design, research object, data sources, data collecting technique,and data analysis technique.
Chapter IV. This chapter includes the synopsis of the film and discuss the analysis of moral values in the film “ Sense and Sensibility” adapted from Jane Austen‟s novel.
Chapter V. Conclusion and Suggestion. This chapter contains conclusion and suggestion.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Definition of Literature
Literature is one of the great creative and universal means of communicating the emotional, spiritual, or intellectual concerns of mankind.
Like good music and art, good literature is characterized by imagination, meaningfulness of expression, and good form and technique. Literature may instruct and inform, entertain, express personal joy or pain, reflect religious devotion, glorify a nation or hero, or advocate a particular point of view whether it be political, social or aesthetic. Other forms of literature, such as the drama or play, are designed to be seen and heard in a communal setting.
In making a classification of literature, Conolly (1995:1) mentions three characteristics of literature. First, that literature has power. The use of language in certain way influences the reader‟s mind. Second, literature is also vivid. By the power of written work, it makes us hear, makes us feel, and makes us see, because language in literature guides us to hear, to feel, and to see everthing in those written words. Third, the language of literature is clear. To clarify this, the writer uses a passage describing a character; it is clear that the writer clarifies character in his definition of a person by showing what he or she does, why he or she does it, and what he or she will never do.
Literature is a creative and imaginative work, which expresses social life based on experience, knowledge,opinion and interpretation about events or persons . Literature is closely related to art, feeling, mentality and belief. A good literary work will never be boring and the readers will not be bored to read it.
B. Definition Film or Movie
Films, also known as movies is a type of visual communication which uses moving pictures and sound to tell stories or inform; help people to learn about new ideas. (http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie).
Film is a series of moving pictures recorded with sound that tells a story, shown on television or at the cinema or movie theatre (Hornby,2005:573). A film is multimedia narrative form based on physical record of sound and moving picture. Film is also a performed genre in the sense that it is primarily designed to be shown in a public performance. Whereas a dramatic play is realized as a live performance by actors on a stage, a film shown in a cinema ( film theatre ) is a not a live event, and can theoretically be repeated infinitely without any change. Like drama, film is narrative genre because it presents a story (a sequence of action units).(http://local host/G:/Jahn%Film%20Analysis.htm)
Film is a very exciting way to learn about things no matter what they are,but if we are trying to learn English, films gives you not only the pronunciation and all of the information while seeing a picture of actually
what is happening, which the researcher thinks is very helpful, but also film is very powerful in the fact that they gives you sounds and backgrounds and a lot of other unspoken parts of our English language, and the writer thinks that that‟s very important. ( http://www.ehow.com/video5103554teach-english¬through-film.html#ixzz1JNqdtcC).
Movie is one of entertainments which can‟t be separated in our life now. It is also become a medium to describe about human life and all aspects of problem; it can retell a story or event in the past time. By watching movie, we can understand about habit, culture or language of a country in the world. Film or movie is important as a media of learning English. So that the researcher chooses a film as a object study and finds the moral values, and its application in English language teaching.
There are many genre of film. Film genres are various forms or identifable types, categories, classifications or groups of film. These are some of the most common and identifable film genre categories adopted from (http://www.filmsite.org/genres/html).
1. Action Film
Action films usually include high energy , big- budget, phsycal stunts and chases, possibly with rescue battles, fights, escapes, destructive crises (floods, explosions, natural disasters, fires, etc), nonstop motions, spectacular rhythms and spacing and adventurous, often two dimensional „ good- guy‟ heroes (or recently, heroines) battling „bad guys‟.
Example : Death Race, James Bond, Vantage Point ,etc.
2. Adventure Films
Adventure films are usually exciting stories, with new experiences or exotic locales, very similiar to or often paired with the action film genre. They can include traditional swashbucklers, serialized films, and historical spectacles ( similiar to the film genre ), searching or expeditions for lost continent, “ jungle” and “ desert” epics, treasure hunts disaster films, or searches for the unknown.
Example : Harry Potter, Lord of The Rings, The DaVinci Code, etc.
3. Comedy Films
Comedies are light- hearted plots consistently and deliberately designed to amuse and provoke laughter ( with one- liners, jokes, etc ) by exaggerating the situation, the language, action, relationships, and characters. This section describes various forms of comedy through cinematic history, including slapstick, screwball, spoofs and parodies, romantic comedies, black comedy ( dark satirical comedy ), and more.
Example : Yes Man, Ace Ventura, Night At The Museum, etc.
4. Crime and Gangster Films
Crime (gangster) films are developed around the sinister actions of criminals or mobsters, particularly bank robbers, underworld figures, or ruthless hoodlums who operate outside the law, stealing and murdering their way through life.
Example : American Gangster, Death Race, Four Brothers, etc.
5. Drama Films
Dramas are serious, plot driven, presentations , potraying realistic characters, settings, life situations, and stories involving intense character development and interactions. Usually, they are not focused on special effects, comedy, or action.dramatic ilms are probably the largest film genre,with many subsets.
Example : Romeo and Juliet, Tristan and Isolde, Titanic, etc.
6. Epics / Historical films
Epics include costume dramas, historical drama, war film, medieval romps, or „period pictures‟ that often cover a large expanse of time set against a vast, panoramic backdrop. Epics often share elements of the elaborate adventure film genre. Epics take an historical or imagined event, myth, legendaries, or hero figures and lavish costumes, spectacular, high production values and sweeping musical score.
Example : Queen Elizabeth, The Passion, Love In The Time of Cholera, etc.
7. Horror Films
Horror films are designed to frighten and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, shocking finale, while captivating and entertaining us at the same time in a chatartic experience. Horror films feature of wide range of a style, form silent classic, monster and insane human.
Example : Hallowen, Psychopat, Scream, etc
8. Musical / Dance Films
Musical / dance films are cinematic forms that emphasize full- scale scores or song and dance routines in a significant way usually with a musical or dance performance integrated as part of the film narrative, or they are films that are centered on combinations of music, dance, song or choreography.
Example : Another Cinderella Story, Step Up, School of Rock, etc.
9. Science Fictions
Sci-fi films are often quosi- scientific, visionary and imaginative films completed with hero, aliens, distant planets, impossible quests, improbable settings, fantastic place, great dark and shadowy villains, futuristic technology, unknown and unknowable forces, and extraordinary monsters („ things or creatures from space‟). Science fiction often express the potential of technology to destroy humankind.
Example : Deja Vu, Paycheck, The Earth Before Stood Still, etc.
10. War Films
War ( and anti- war ) films acknowlwdg the horror and heartbreak of war letting the actual combat fighting ( against nations or humankind) on land, sea, or in the air provide the primary plot or background for the actions of the film. War film include stories of military operations and training.
Example : Troy, Flight Plan, In The Name of The King, etc.
11. Western Films
Western is a major defining genre of the American film industry- a eulogy to the early days of the expansive American frontier. They are one of the oldest, most enduring genres with very recognizable plots, elements and characters ( six- guns, horses, dusty towns and trails, cowboys, Indians, etc). Overtime, western films have been re-defined, re- invented and expanded, dismissed, rediscovered, and spooffed.
C. The Intrinsic Elements of Film
A literature has elements to support it, for example intrinsic elements. Intrinsic elements in literature consist of : theme, plot, setting, point of view, and character and characterization.
1. Theme
Theme is the meaning of the story or the ideas and values that a literary work expresses. A theme is also called the heart of a story. By theme we mean the necessary implication of the whole story, not a separable part a story. The theme of a story is whatever general idea or insight the entire story reveals. In some stories the theme is unmistakable. Theme is the total meaning discovered by the writer in the process of writing and by readers in the process of reading.
Theme is something that has traditionally concerned by the writers and that therefore is a legitimate concern of readers. In literature, a theme is seldom so obvious.Theme is not the moral, the subject, but it is not
hidden and it is not illustrated. Theme is the meaning of what the story releases and it maybe the meaning the story discovers.
According to Nurgiyantoro (2002:82-83), there are two kinds of theme in a literary work. Those are major theme of story which become a general basic idea of the story, and minor theme only exists in part of the story.
In the simplest definition, theme is the meaning of the story, central idea or the basic story ( Sayuti,1998:82). Theme is the central idea of literary work, usually expressed as generalization observation about people or the world we live in a theme may be stated or implied.
2. Plot
Plot is important elements of fiction or literary work, even most of the people consider it as the important element among the other element of film, such as characterization, theme, point of view.
Aristoteles says that plot is the soul of tragedy. The plot is the soul of a story. It may be the soul of fiction. In narrative work, it is the structure of its action. It is the outline of the story. It is the arrangement of important event and problems to the story. The plot is very important in a film, because without plot, a work can‟t be considered as a play.
Plot in the story has role as the tale teller, which becomes concerned with the relationship among the events and problems to be resolved that are implicit in those events. Plot is the highest important of film in expressing the meaning of a work. The plot in a dramatic work is the
structure of its action. The plot contains conflicts and messages. Such as plot relationships are most commonly those causes and effects.
Plot is divided into five parts.They are exposition, rising action, climax,falingaction,and resolution (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/plot.html)
a. Exposition
An exposition is a kind of introduction. It is the opening part which introduces the main character and tells the readers what happened before the story opens, and provides any other backgrounds information that the readers need to understand the contents of the events.
b. Rising Action
The character begin an action after a condition which makes the characters feels confused. It is the considered the interplay between the characters and the events which build up the reader‟s attention and develop a problem out of the original situation of the story.
The rising action is beginning part of conflict. The character feels confused with an event or condition, and this builds their actions to get rid of the confusion.
c. Climax
A conflict is followed by climax. So that, we can say that a climax is the culmination point of a conflict. The climax usually brings the main characters to the decisive moment in which the characters will find out the best way to solve the problems.
d. Falling Action
After the climax, there is falling action. The main character have found out the way to solve his or her problems and they come to a point where there is no problems anymore, and the story comes to its end without any troubles on the way. The falling action occurs when the plot moves toward its appointed conclusion.
e. Resolution
The main character has been succesfull in solving his or her problem in the last events of the story and this results in a happy or sad ending.
3. Setting
The setting of a film/ story can be defined as the background of where and when particular events occur (Kenney,1996:38). The setting may be described specifically by the narrator or one of the characters, or maybe suggested through dialogue and action. A realistic setting- whether in the past, present, or future- lends an air credibility to the characters and action, deicted in a story. The setting helps to limit the expectation of a reader (only certain actions are possible in a given time and place), may serve to create an appropriate atmosphere for the event of a story, and may be vital to the development of the plot or the revealing of character.
Setting is the element of fiction which reveals where and when of the events occur. All actions in life and literary works happen somewhere in place and time, and in literary work the feature of place and time, whether
they are clear or vague, prominent or faint, important or unsignificant, constitute setting.
Setting is the place where the characters move and live. In a narrow sense, it means the particular place and time or condition in which actions take place. Place is all the physical details of a particular scene; color and lighting, style of clothing, furniture,drapes, items on tables and desk, or feature of vegetation, weather, etc. In a wide sense, it means the whole geographical area, the time in history and the social and economic environment in which events take place.
Time is particular scene; it would include all references to time of day, season of the year, or point in a person „s life or a group association. Some reason of using setting are :
a. To strengthen the beliefs towards the character and his movement and his attitude. Usually, an author describes a setting clearly in order to be remembered easily.
b. To relate with the whole meaning and eneral meaning of the story.
c. Setting can work for certain and specific meaning rather than create a useful atmosphere.
4. Point of View
Point of view is the technique that is used by the author to find and tell the meaning of his artistic works to the people. Point of view is the way a story is told. A story is usually told by a character in the story, an “I”, by an anonymous person outside the story. The author‟s choice of
narrator determines the amount of information that will be given to the readers. The principal point of view are first person and third person. Within these two broad categories, the following types of narration may be found :
1. First Person Subjective
The narrator is the major or minor character in story who report the events as if they had just happened and who appears to be anaware of the full meaning of the events. The readers knows more than narrator.
2. First Person Detached
The narrator is a major character in the story who recalls the events from the vantage point of maturity. He has had time to reflect on the meaning of events.
3. First Person Observer
The narrator is a minor character in the story who plays the roles of eyewitness and confidant. His sources of information are what he hears and sees and what the main character tells him.
4. Third Person Omnicient
The narrator is an anonymous person outside the story who plays an all knowing role. He not only reports what the characters do and say but also entersthe minds of the characters and comments on their actions.
5. Third Person Objective
The narrator is an anonymous person outside the story who report only what the characters do and say. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/point of view.html )
5. Character and Characterization
Character is a personage in narrative or dramatic work; also kind of prose sketch briefly describing recognizable type of personal (Baldic,1996:63). Meanwhile, Hornby (2005:186) states that character is person in play, novel etc.
According to Robert, as quoted by Erlin , (2011:25), in literature a character is a verbal representation of human being as presented to us by author through the depiction of action, conversations, descriptions, reactions, inner thoughts, and reflections, and also through the author‟s own interpretive commentary that collectively make up human personalities.
E.M Forster divides characters into some parts. They are :
a. Flat and Round Character
A flat character is one who has one characteristic and one only. It is usually a minor actor in a play or novel in which he or she appears, but not always so. A truly flat character‟s behavior is always obviously consistent with his or her single trait. Round character is just the opposite. It encloses a number of qualities and traits, and it has complex multidimensional character of considerable intellectual and
emotional depth. In fiction major characters are usually round characters.
b. Major and Minor character
Major character is the most important one is term of plot. He or she often appears in the story. In fiction a major character is usually a round character, whereas minor characters are those who support the major character they usually are flat characters.
c. Static and Dynamic character
Characters in a fiction can be distinguished on the basis of whether they demonstrate the capacity to develop or change as the result of their experiences. Dynamic characters show a capacity to change, but static characters do not. A change in character may come slowly and insert over many pages ad chapters or it may take place with a dramatic suddenness that surprises, and even overwhelms the character. Dynamic characters include the protagonist in most novels.
Static characters may give the plot as they enter it largely untouched by the events that have taken place. Although static characters tend to be minor characters because the authors‟ principal focus is also not always the case.
A character may be drawn with a few marked personality traits or with a complex collection of them. According to Ben Johnson‟s in “ Comedies of Humors”, each character has a single dominant trait. This approach was carried to extreme result on caricature. Usually the
major characters in a work of fiction tend to be “ round characters” according to E.M Forster, while minor ones tends to exhibit only a few dominant traits.
A character may also be either static, showing little change, or dynamic, that is significantly affected by the events of the narrative. Most novels and full – lenhgt plays concern with the development of dynamic characters.
In addition, we find two types of character figure. They are:
a. Protagonist
A protagonist character is a character that has a reflection of norms and ideal value for us ( Alterbernd and Lewis in Nurgiyantoro, 2002 :179). Protagonist is the major character, which is central in the story. The protagonist is usually easy enough to identify. This character brings the plot of the story, and this plot is brought with his wish.
b. Antagonist
An antagonist is a character apposing to the protagonist character directly or indirectly, physically or mentally. He or she also creates a conflict in a story. Antagonist is a character who is being the enemy that making conflict. Antagonist is the opposite of protagonist, the character, who tries to interfere with the protagonist‟s wish, which then arises the conflict. The antagonist
can be somewhat more difficult to identify, especially if he is not a human being.
Character is the whole personality, and then the characterization is he deliberateselection or invention of features that makes to create a character. A character then is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story, although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions.
Characterization, in literature, is the presentation of the attitudes and behaviors of imaginary persons in order to make them credible to the author‟s audience. Characterization is a unique feature of such fictional forms as the short story, drama, and narrative poetry. Critics regard good chracterization as an important criterion of excellence in fiction.
According to ( Pickering,1986: 50) there are two methods of characterizing which is telling and showing. In the telling methods, the author explain all of things in detail and also gives some comment directly, and In the showing method the author is looking for the characters that show who they are throught their dialogue and action.
a. Telling methods are divided into :
1) Characterization through the name
Name are often used to provide essential clues that aid in characterization. Some characters have names that suggest their domain or controling traits.
2) Characterization through the appearance
Although in real life most of us are aware that appearances which are often deceiving in the world of fiction. The details of appearances such as what a character, wears, and how he looks, it often provides essential clues to characters, certain physical characteristics express the related main character. Details of physical and emotional health and well being show whether the character is strong or weak, happy or sad, calm or agitated.
3) Characterization through the author
The author interrupts the narrative and reveals directly. Through a series of editorial comments, the nature and personality of the characters, including the thoughts and feelings that enter and pass through the character‟s minds. The author describes all about the character.
b. In the showing method there are two methods. They are :
1) Characterization through the dialogue
The real life is often characterized with the variety of the dialogue. People tend to talk about themselves, talk among them, and talk big problems on the little ones. We should learn the meaningful dialogue the faith and action of the characteristic of the character where he has certain position in it.
2) Characterization through the action
The easiest way to describe and to tell the character is through action. Action can interpret the psychological and emotional condition. We can identify something about several characters in order to know what kind of person he is in the story. Some actions of course are more meaningful in this respect that the others.
D. Definition of Moral Values
The word “ moral “ has a meaning which is concerned with the principle of right or wrong behavior. It also means certain practical lessons of a story , an event or an experience. A person‟s behavior is called moral if it follows a certain standard of good morality, good behavior or virtue (Hornby, 1995:805).
Basically, moral is the distinction between bad and good conducts which can generally be accepted in a social life. In talking about moral we can briefly say that moral is concerned with, or related to human behavior, especially the distinction between good or bad, or right and wrong behavior.
In a literary work, moral value is like a theme which is expressed in the body of a story. A moral value is something that the researcher tries to convey to the readers. It is the knowledge to be presented in a story. In general, moral can be defined as the distinction between good and bad, right and wrong with regard to attitudes, behavior, character, etc (Nurgiyantoro,2002:172).
Webster (1979:589) states that moral is concerned with the principles of right or wrong conduct. In general, a value means a quality of being useful or worthwhile or important, whereas moral values mean moral or profesional standard of behavior (Hornby,1995:1441). Moral values in literary works then, mean the principle of right or wrong behaviors which are worthwhile and important in a literary work to be conveyed to the readers to improve their moral standards.
E. Teaching English Using Film or Movie
In English Teaching- learning, there are some techniques can be applied in order to improve the students‟ ability. One technique which can be applied in is the use of media. Media has an important role and contributions as one of the influential factors in language teaching.
Media as teaching aids are needed to help the students‟ understanding and to increase the effectiveness in the communication between teacher and students in teaching- learning process. It is also used to stimulate the students‟ motivations and the students‟ interest to the lesson.
Media is important in the lives of students, and often plays key role in their development. The development of the students relate to the teacher‟s creativity in presenting the material, therefore the language learning can be carried out to be more interesting, effective and hopefully can be succesful.
Teaching English literature by watching movie or film is one of the good media to learn English especially literature. The students will enjoy it. Therefore, teaching literature should use suitable methods or strategies.
Teaching English through films is a great way to match the spoken words with the body language and silent communication involved in te language. Use various films to teach the English language with information from an experienced English tutor in this kinds of films in teaching the material.
Film is very exciting way to learn about things no matter it is, but if we are trying to learn English, the films give you not only the pronunciation and all of the information while seeing a picture of actually what‟s happening, which the writer thinks is very helpful, but films are also powerful in the fact that they give us sounds and backgrounds and a lot of other unspoken parts of our English language, and the researcher thinks that that‟s very important. So,
sometimes film can get us confused because some of the things they have are not realistic.
Movies are an excellent way to teach and reinforce higher- level listening skill for foreign language learners. It‟s not really enough, though, to simply put the movie on and let the students watch it. Rather, we need to structure activities around the film that encourage students to listen for key words and phrases, figure out the movie‟s main idea and generally stretch their language skill in an applied setting.
Nowadays students need to be exposed to a wide variety of resources from audio to printed material. Although this output seems to fulfill their needs and preapare them for the outside world, teachers aways keep searching for more motivating sources. So, introducing movies into our classroom is a challenge most language teachers must face. (http://www.ehow.com/ video5103554teach-english-through-films.html#ixzzlNqF5xdC).
The following are some advantages of teaching literature using film for both teacher and students :
a. The teaching-learning activities will be more interesting and varied.
b. Media will motivate and stimulate the students to be interested in the lesson.
c. The communication between teacher and student will be more effective.
F. Teaching English Literature
a. Definition of Teaching English Literature
According to Ellie and Marshall (2006:40), teaching is a means to an end rather than an end in itselve the effect has been salutary, for teaching is of course a means of stimuli and rhetorical plays designed to help syudents learn and o becomebetter learners. Teaching literature is a subject, and a difficult one. Doing it well requires scholarly and critical sophistication, but it also requires a clear idea of what literature is, of what is entailed in reading and criticizing it. It requires, in fact some very self- concious theoryzing. Teaching literature means to achieve student‟s ability in appreciate the literary work. Doing appreciate the literary work likes learning sensation, reasoning, imagination, culture, and society.
b. Materials of learning literature
In selecting the learning materials, a teacher should know the criteria, namely :
1. The content of the lesson should be valid
2. Materials should be quite usefull
3. The material is interesting
4. Materials should be appropriate the students ability
The learning resources of literature, namely :
a. Textbooks required
b. Supplementary books, textbooks, dictionaries
c. Written media : newspapers, magazines
Ellectronic media : radio, television, video
d. Natural environment, social, cultural
e. Students‟ work
c. Teaching Learning Activities
Teaching learning activities are activities performed by literature teachers and students so that there is interaction between teacher and students. Besides, the purpose ef education in teaching and learning will be successful.
d. Evaluation
Evaluation is the last activity in a teaching-learning activity. Teaching and learning activity will be sucsessful if the result of the evaluation of the students is oriented with the goal. Asessment of teaching and learning of literature includes the knowledge, skills, and language attitudes. Asessment of activities and learning progress of giving advice, and correction during the activities take place.
G. Biography of Jane Austen
Jane Austen (1775-1778) was an English novelist noted for her observation about early 18 th century English society. In all her novels, Austen potrayed the ordinary life of the members of the upper middle class. Her works combined romantic comedy and social satire of early 19 th century life.
The common themes of Austens‟s works are losing illusion, usually leading characters into mature outlooks, and the clash between taditional moral values and everyday demand of lives. Most of her novels, the characters correct their faults through lesson they have learned. After bad things came to them, they just realized about the fault that they have made. They become wiser and more mature than before. Because of her sensivity of human behaviour, many people regard Austen as one of the greatest novelists of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Austen was born on December16, 1775 at Stevenson, Hampshire, England. She was the seventh child of eight, and her family was close, and lively. She lived most her life among the same kind of people about whom she wrote. The Austen ,frequently, staged amateur theathricals, and they were devoted readers of novels at the time when reading novels was regarded as a questionable activity for Jane‟s youthful comic pieces, and later for her novels. Jane Austen had almost no formal education but she read extensively and critically. At the age of thirteen she already wrote a musing and instructive parodies and variations on the 18 th century literature from sentimental novels to serious histories.
When she was twenty- three years old, she started to write the first novel, they are “Ellinor and Marianne”, “First Impression”, and “Susan”. These novels are the first versions of “Sense and Sensibility”, “Pride and Prejudice” and Northanger Abbey. These novels were written during the time, from 1795-1798.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
A. Research Design
According to Margono (2005:1) research is activities, looking for, investigating, and attempting to get the fact and new principle to get new introduction and to give science and technology.
In this reseach, the reasearcher makes a research plan and arranges it in certain procedure as guidance in doing her research. This is a library research, so the uses descriptive- qualitative research methods. This method is chosen because literature, as the object of this research, is a form of creative work which can be interpreted in universal way.
B. Research Object
The object of the study in this research is the film entitled “ Sense and Sensibility” adapted from Jane Austen‟s novel.
C. Data Sources
Data sources can be things, people, place, etc. The types of data in this research are the dialogues in “Sense and Sensibility“ film among the characters in the film related to the moral values. Data can be classified into two categories they are primary data and secondary data. The primary data (main data) is the most important data related to the data being analyzed. The
source of main data of this research is taken from the film “Sense and Sensibility“ adapted from Jane Austen‟s novel based on the screenplay written by Ema Thompson, and directed by Ang Lee.
The secondary data is data that supports the main data. The supporting data which are taken from other references outside of the film or movie. This data is some theory books, which are related to the topic of this thesis, internet that help the researcer to find out information about the movie and the author of the movie.
D. Data Collecting Methods
Data collecting method is the way which is used by a the researcer to obtain the data and information related to his research. In this research the method of collection data is the data from the film itself and quotations from some informations facts which are relevant to moral values. In this research, the researcher also uses library research. It is the most common method in doing a research dealing with literary works.
Library research is done to collect, identify, define, evaluate, and describe the data of the story. To complete the data and enough information, the researcher uses the library as supporting the data. The researcher reads the play script carefully in order to get a deep comprehension about moral values and its application in English language teaching. Then the information that is considered to be imortant and related to the topics is recorded in a piece of paper. And the last, the researcher draws the conclusion and analysis. The
researcher only takes the relevant data which support the topic discussed in this thesis.
E. Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher uses a descriptive qualitative design of research because it is more appropriate than quantitative research, to understand the content of the film or movie. All data are analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively. In processing the data, the researcer uses this analysis.
1. Data Making
The researcher conducted and observed the data source in the film “ Sense and Sensibility “ by watching it carefully and as much as possible. Then, the researcher organizes the data and makes a list of the data recognized steps, those are :
a. Unitizing
The data is found in the film and other sources which are relevant to analyze . The analysis of this research is all the dialogues which are the answers to the questions stated in the statement of the problem.
b. Sampling
The researcer tries to analyze the moral values in the film and its application in English language teaching.
c. Recording
In recording the data, the researcher watches the film. When the researcher finds the scenes which describe the moral values, the researcher writes data on the pieces of paper correctly.
2. Data Reduction
The technique used by the researcher in selecting the data in observing the film, to make easier in analyzing the data; the researcher determines the kinds of aspect of the moral values in the film. The researcher clears out the irrelevant data from the relevant one.
3. Inference
The design of collecting data is based on analytical construct which is done to the relationship between data and the construct. The data are the moral values where as the data context is dialogues among actors and actresses shown in the film.
4. Data analysis
The researcher presents the data by describing dialogues which is related tell about the moral values. the data are informations that are relevant to the observed phenomena.
5. Validity
To get the validity, the researcher organizes directly the data research which the researcher thinks good and relevant. And finally, she conludes the findings and displays them in writing.
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